Physical activity in prevention and reduction of cardiovascular risk

Abstract

Introduction There is evidence that physical activity decreases the degree of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries in persons who are physically active by modifying the chemistry and metabolism of lipoproteins. The effect of physical activity on the lipid status is achieved by affecting the enzymes of lipoprotein metabolism including the lipoprotein and liver lipase and transport protein of cholesterol esters. Epidemiological investigations on the effect of physical activity in prevention of cardiovascular diseases point to the fact that the persons who have a higher degree of cardio-respiratory endurance have a much lower mortality rate than those with a lower degree. The positive effect of physical activity on the cardiovascular system is reflected on the improved aerobic capacity, metabolic function, amplification of lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, immunological functions; it increases the perfusion of myocardium and the fibrinolytic activity, and reduces the adherence of thrombocytes due to increased synthesis of prostaglandin (PGI2), it also enhances the energy consumption, which is important in the maintenance of ideal bodyweight, prevention and treatment of obesity, and it has a positive effect on the control of stress. Conclusion With respect to the effects on the lipid status, aerobic physical exercises like running, swimming, cycling, with the intensity of training of a medium (65% VO2) load, have a positive effect on lipid status. The best form of physical activity is the one in which the endurance and power are increased.

Pozitivan efekat fizičke aktivnosti na kardiovaskularni sistem ogleda se u: poboljšanju aerobnog kapaciteta i metaboličkih funkcija, amplifikaciji lipidnog profila, insulinske senzitivnosti imunoloških funkcija, povećanju perfuzije miokarda i fibrinolitičke aktivnosti, smanjenju adherentnosti trombocita zbog povećane sinteze prostanglandina PGI2, porastu energetskog rashoda (što je značajno za održavanje idealne telesne mase), prevenciji i lečenju gojaznosti, kao i kontroli stresa. Epidemiološke studije ukazuju na pozitivnu vezu povećane energetske potrošnje uzrokovane fizičkom aktivnošću i redukcije lipidnih parametara i telesne mase kombinacijom dijete i fizičke aktivnosti. Fizička aktivnost, modifikujući hemizam i metabolizam lipoproteina, usporava stepen ateroskleroze u koronarnim arterijama kod osoba koje su fizički aktivne. U prevenciji i redukciji kardiovaskularnog rizika aerobne fizičke vežbe (poput trčanja, plivanja, vožnje bicikla), sa intenzitetom treninga srednjeg opterećenja (65% srednjeg respiratornog volumena) opterećenja, imaju pozitivan efekat. Najbolji oblik fizičke aktivnosti je onaj u kojem se povećavaju izdržljivost i snaga.